The country was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire. The first official mention of the Florentine republic was in 1138, when several cities around Tuscany formed a league against Henry X of Bavaria. It is not known precisely when Florence formed its own republican/oligarchical government independent of the marquisate, although the death of Rabodo in 1119 should be a turning point. 1116–1119), who was killed in a dispute with the city. After the female ruler of the marquisate, Matilda of Tuscany, died in 1115, the city did not submit readily to her successor Rabodo (r. Since 846 AD, the city had been part of the Marquisate of Tuscany. The city of Florence was established in 59 BC by Julius Caesar. Italy in 1084, showing the Marquisate of Tuscany. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737. In 1569, the Pope declared Cosimo the first Grand Duke of Tuscany.
The second Duke, Cosimo I, established a strong Florentine navy and expanded his territory, conquering Siena. Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as the first "Duke of the Florentine Republic", thereby transforming the Republic into a hereditary monarchy. The Medici re-assumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city, aided by Emperor Charles V. Giovanni de' Medici (later Pope Leo X) re-conquered the republic in 1512.įlorence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527, during the War of the League of Cognac. The Medici kept control of Florence until 1494. The Medici faction gained governance of the city in 1434 under Cosimo de' Medici. The republic had a checkered history of coups and counter-coups against various factions. During the Republican period, Florence was also the birthplace of the Renaissance, which is considered a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth”. Its coin, the florin, became a world monetary standard. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere (titular ruler of the city), who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members.ĭuring the Republic's history, Florence was an important cultural, economic, political and artistic force in Europe. The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Republic of Florence, officially the Florentine Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Fiorentina, pronounced, or Repubblica di Firenze), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany.
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